MODELS OF SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION INTO THE ARCHITECTURE OF GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
Abstract
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of supply chain integration (SCI) within the architecture of global value chains (GVCs). Based on theoretical generalizations and empirical evidence, the study substantiates that integration acts as a key mechanism for aligning technological, spatial, and institutional dimensions of global production systems. It demonstrates that the coordination of physical, informational, financial, and managerial flows ensures the connection between stages of value creation, distribution, and realization, forming the structural “architecture” of GVCs. The paper systematizes seven core integration models - internal, external, vertical, horizontal, digital, environmental, and reverse - which together form the basis of end-to-end integration. Using case studies of leading global energy companies, the research shows that these models are most effectively implemented in energy supply chains that are shifting from centralized to network-based configurations encompassing both traditional and renewable energy sources, hydrogen technologies, digital platforms, and circular processes. Special attention is given to the Shell case, which demonstrates a multi-layered integration approach: internal coordination through unified ERP systems, external partnerships via blockchain-enabled supply chain tracking, digital transformation through IoT and AI tools, and sustainability-driven circular integration. Such a combination creates a “responsible” GVC architecture that links efficiency, resilience, and innovation. The findings confirm that supply chain integration enhances flexibility and adaptability of GVCs under conditions of geopolitical instability, technological transformation, and environmental regulation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in defining the architectural essence of supply chain integration as a system-forming element of GVCs and in identifying the seven interrelated integration models that together reflect the transition from operational efficiency to strategic and sustainability-oriented management.
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