ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЛОГІСТИКИ ОСТАННЬОЇ МИЛІ В ЕЛЕКТРОННІЙ ТОРГІВЛІ

Veronika Shcherbyna

doi:10.32782/2524-0072/2026-84-63

Veronika Shcherbyna Odesa National Maritime University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3917-3617

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2026-84-63

Keywords: last-mile logistics, e-commerce, outsourcing, fulfillment, crowdsourcing

Abstract

The article substantiates and systematizes the theoretical foundations of organizing last-mile logistics in electronic commerce. It is determined that the rapid development of digital trade has significantly transformed traditional logistics approaches, turning logistics from a supporting operational function into a strategic element of the business model of online stores. In the context of e-commerce, last-mile logistics performs the role of the final stage of the supply chain, ensuring the delivery of goods from distribution infrastructure directly to the end consumer and forming the only physical point of interaction between the online retailer and the customer. The research analyzes the structure of the logistics supply chain and distinguishes the functional roles of the first mile, middle mile and last mile. It is established that the first mile is associated with the movement of goods from the manufacturer to the distribution infrastructure, the middle mile ensures transportation between logistics hubs, while the last mile completes the delivery process by bringing the order directly to the consumer. This stage is characterized by a high level of operational complexity caused by the fragmentation of orders, the necessity to deliver small consignments to numerous addresses and the need to meet individual customer requirements regarding delivery time and convenience. The article summarizes the main organizational models of last-mile logistics used in electronic commerce, including in-house delivery, outsourcing to third-party logistics providers, fulfillment services and hybrid delivery systems. Modern delivery solutions such as parcel lockers, pickup points, click-and-collect systems and urban micro-warehouses are also considered. Particular attention is paid to the challenges faced by logistics systems in the Ukrainian e-commerce market under martial law and energy instability. It is concluded that effective last-mile logistics requires balancing logistics costs with growing consumer expectations regarding delivery speed, reliability and service quality.

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