ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION OF FISCAL EFFICIENCY OF TAX REVENUES IN EU COUNTRIES
Abstract
The article examines fiscal efficiency of tax revenues in the European Union countries using a comprehensive analytical and visualization-based approach. The study relies on official Eurostat data from the Government Finance Statistics database covering the period 2014–2023. The analysis focuses on both the dynamics and the internal structure of total tax revenues of the EU-27, with particular attention paid to differences in tax burden levels measured as tax revenues relative to GDP. A set of visualization tools is applied to explore temporal trends and cross-country heterogeneity, including dynamic charts, country rankings, structural diagrams, and boxplots. These instruments allow for a consistent comparison of tax revenue patterns across EU member states and facilitate identification of stable and divergent fiscal characteristics. The results reveal a long-term upward trend in nominal tax revenues across the European Union, interrupted by a temporary decline in 2020 caused by the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a rapid post-crisis recovery. At the same time, the overall structure of tax revenues remained relatively stable, indicating institutional resilience of national tax systems. To systematize structural differences among national tax systems, a cluster analysis based on the k-means method is employed using normalized tax revenue indicators expressed as a percentage of GDP. The optimal number of clusters is determined using the elbow method, ensuring methodological robustness of the classification. As a result, three distinct clusters of EU countries are identified, reflecting different tax models ranging from consumption-based systems with a dominance of indirect taxes to socially oriented models characterized by high income taxation. The findings confirm the persistence of cross-country heterogeneity in tax burden levels and tax revenue structures within the European Union. The results may be useful for comparative fiscal policy analysis, assessment of national tax models, and further research on fiscal sustainability and efficiency in integrated economic systems.
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