TRANSFORMATION OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTION MECHANISMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND AS AN EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to conduct an in-depth study of the institutional, economic and regulatory mechanisms of the functioning of special economic zones in Poland as a key instrument of structural transformation of the economy. The article examines the evolution, effectiveness and current trends of the Polish special economic zones model, in particular its role in attracting foreign direct investment, job creation and export diversification. It is noted that the Polish experience demonstrates significant differentiation of the effectiveness of zones depending on the level of foreign direct investment and industry specialization, with a clear correlation between investment incentives, employment density and intensity of use of territories. Measures to transform the policy of investment incentives in Poland are highlighted, in particular, the transition from local special economic zones to the national Polish Investment Zone in 2018, which significantly expanded the availability of benefits and centralized management. The author analyzes structural changes in Poland's exports (1995-2018), in particular, a sharp increase in the share of high-tech machinery and equipment (from 21.1% to 37.3%) against the background of a strong decline in the raw material sectors, which was a direct consequence of the integration of special economic zones into global value chains. Key risks of the model are identified, such as dependence on industry concentration (automotive industry – 25.59% of investments) and insufficient development of high-tech sectors. The critical role of foreign capital in financing large-scale modernization is proven, which is confirmed by data on the share of foreign direct investment in expenditures (up to 94.9%) and employment (up to 91.73%) in the most successful zones. Attention is focused on the need to adapt the positive aspects of the Polish model (transparent national mechanisms instead of local zones, integration into global value chains) to form an effective policy of stimulating investment and structural restructuring of the Ukrainian economy, taking into account its specifics.
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