FORMATION OF THE NETHERLANDS' ENERGY POLICY AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF ECOLOGISATION
Abstract
The article examines the formation and transformation of the energy policy of the Netherlands in the context of environmentalisation as an important factor shaping contemporary international economic relations. It is substantiated that energy policy should be interpreted not only as an area of domestic public regulation, but also as a multidimensional instrument influencing foreign trade flows, investment attractiveness, structural competitiveness and the country’s positioning within the global economy under conditions of decarbonisation. Based on statistical data from the World Bank and relevant analytical sources, the study analyses the long-term dynamics of key macroeconomic, energy, environmental and international integration indicators of the Netherlands over the period 1990–2025. The research reveals a non-linear relationship between economic growth and energy consumption, which reflects the gradual transition of the Dutch economy from a resource- and gas-centred development model towards a more energy-efficient and environmentally oriented trajectory. Particular attention is paid to the role of high economic openness, export orientation and foreign direct investment inflows in shaping incentives for the ecological transformation of energy policy. It is shown that increasing integration into international markets and compliance with European climate regulations have turned energy policy into an element of international economic strategy rather than an autonomous sectoral policy. The analysis of environmental indicators demonstrates that the energy transition in the Netherlands is embedded in a broader sustainability framework aimed at reducing pressure on natural resources and strengthening long-term economic resilience. The article concludes that the environmentalisation of energy policy enhances the Netherlands’ international competitiveness, supports investment-driven growth and contributes to the restructuring of international economic relations in line with the principles of sustainable development.
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