GLOBAL INSTABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE AS DRIVERS OF EU ENERGY POLICY

Abstract

The article examines the impact of global instability and climate change on the formation of the European Union’s energy policy within the framework of ecological transformation. It explores how geopolitical conflicts, notably the Russia-Ukraine war, economic crises, and reliance on energy imports drive the EU to diversify energy sources and enhance energy security. Climate challenges, including extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and international commitments under the Paris Agreement, accelerate the shift to renewable energy sources (RES) and decarbonization of the economy. The study evaluates the role of key EU initiatives, such as the European Green Deal, REPowerEU, Fit for 55, and energy efficiency directives, in integrating responses to these challenges to form a sustainable energy policy. The research aims to analyze the interplay of global instability and climate change in shaping EU energy policy and to propose strategies for the ecological transformation of the energy sector. The methodology relies on a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature, official reports from Eurostat, IPCC, and the European Commission, and statistical data on RES share, greenhouse gas emissions, and gas imports. Comparative analysis is employed to assess EU initiatives, while synthesis is used to develop practical strategies. Key findings reveal that the RES share reached 24.5% in 2023, and emissions dropped by 7.3% in 2022 due to EU policies, though regional disparities and financial barriers persist. The article proposes strategies, including regional coordination through energy hubs, private capital mobilization via green bonds, and sustainable infrastructure development with smart grids, to accelerate the green transition. These measures can support policymakers and energy companies in strengthening energy security, achieving climate neutrality by 2050, and enhancing the EU’s competitiveness in the global green economy. The study underscores the need for adaptive governance to balance short-term energy needs with long-term climate goals. Further research should focus on regional coordination mechanisms and long-term impacts of these initiatives.