SOCIAL SECURITY OF THE CITY: CONTENT, IMPACT FACTORS AND EVALUATION INDICATORS СОЦІАЛЬНА БЕЗПЕКА МІСТА: ЗМІСТ, ФАКТОРИ ВПЛИВУ ТА ІНДИКАТОРИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ

The article focuses on the importance of developing the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the city's social security management. It was emphasized that cities play a significant role in the growth of the national economy and the socio-economic development of regions, being centers of productive forces cultivation, engines of innovative changes in the economy and the life of the population, centers of education, culture and art. At the same time, they can accumulate problems related to ensuring the social and economic security of their residents. This article reveals the content of national security according to Ukrainian legislation, the essence of the state's economic security and social security as its integral part. The approaches of scientists to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of «social security of the region» have been analyzed. A conclusion was made about the insignificant number of definitions of the category «social security of the city» in the scientific literature. The content of the term «social security of the city» is proposed to be understood as the state of development of the city's economy and social sphere, achieved by building effective management subsystems (economic, social, environmental), that ensure the social interests and social needs of the city's residents, their quality of life at the level of the relevant state social standards. The set of factors affecting the level of social security of the city is divided into four groups in the article: economic, financial, social and environmental. It is recommended to form a set of social security indicators for defined groups. Examples of indicators for assessing the level of social security are given. It is proposed to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the level of social security of the city by calculating an integral indicator. To do this, using the method of expert evaluation, it is necessary to establish weighting coefficients for the selected indicators and determine reference or limit values for each indicator and, on their basis (using the selected methodology), calculate the integral indicator of social security of the city.

Statement of the problem.The problems of economic security of the state are gaining more and more importance in modern conditions.World practice shows that the stability and viability of the state largely depends on the level of socio-economic security of its administrativeterritorial units and cities in particular.Cities play a significant role in the development of the country's national economy and the socio-economic development of regions, they are the centers of the productive forces' cultivation, engines of innovative changes in the economy and the life of the population, centers of education, culture and art.At the same time, cities, especially large ones, accumulate negative problems related to ensuring the social and economic security of their residents.In this connection, the development of theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the city's social security management becomes important.
Analysis of the recent studies and publications.Several publications by domestic scientists are devoted to the study of interpretation, evaluation and provision of social security at various levels.In the article by M.A. Kalnytska [1], modern approaches to the definition of the category "social security" were analyzed and four levels of its formation were distinguished: nano-level, micro-level, meso-level and macrolevel.The subject of research by O. A. Melnikova [2], V. K. Antoshkin [3] and T. Lunyova [4] is the essence of social security in the region and ways to ensure it.Yu. A. Romanovska [5] interprets the content of social and economic security of the city and analyzes its characteristic features.However, a few theoretical aspects of this topic remain insufficiently disclosed, which has determined the relevance of the study.
Research objectives.The purpose of the article is to determine the content of the category "social security of the city", to outline the factors affecting its level, and to characterize the evaluation indicators of the social security level.
Presenting main material.From a philosophical point of view, security is a state of protection of existence, values and interests of the subject (object) from threats and dangers, that provides optimal conditions for its life activity, development and self-realization [6].Both countries and individual regions, cities, and territorial communities recognize security as a necessary condition for their existence.
Ukrainian legislation defines the content of national security as "protection of state sovereignty, territorial integrity, democratic constitutional system and other national interests of Ukraine from real and potential threats" [7].One of the components of the state's national security is economic security, which is interpreted in normative documents as "the state of the national economy, which allows maintaining resistance to internal and external threats, ensuring high competitiveness in the global economic environment, and characterizes the ability of the national economy for sustainable and balanced growth."[8].Economic security includes social security, which is defined as "the state of state development, in which the state is able to ensure a decent and high-quality standard of living of the population, regardless of age, gender, income level, and promote the development of human capital as the most important component of the country's economic potential" [8].
Social security in society is formed at several levels: nano-level (social security of an individual), micro-level (social security of an enterprise), meso-level (regional social security), macro-level (national social security) [1, p. 568].
The social security of the region is formed at meso-level including cities, villages, towns, and united territorial communities.A review of ЕКОНОМІКА scientific sources on the topic of meso-level social security has proved a small number of interpretations of the concept of "city social security".Researchers pay more attention to the analysis of social security of regions and communities.We will analyze several definitions of the content of social (socio-economic) security of the region.This concept means: -"a dynamic system that reflects the interaction and coordination of subjects and objects of the state's social policy with the aim of managing socio-economic processes, maintaining social stability in the region, countering external and internal hidden and existing threats, ensuring social development at the regional level and improving the life quality of the population in the region" [2]; -"such a state of legal protection of human rights and freedoms, in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, vital social interests of a person and financial support of officially established social standards and guarantees that ensure the sustainable development of society (including preventing the rise of social tension, which may cause social explosion)" [3, p. 19]; -"the ability of the regional government to ensure competitiveness, stability, sustainability, progressive development of the territory's economy, as well as guaranteed legal and institutional protection of the vital social interests of the population living in a certain region" [4, p. 48].
As seen from above scientists have different approaches to defining the essence of the region's social security.This term characterizes the state of legal protection of the rights and freedoms of the population, the ability of regional authorities to ensure the protection of important social interests of people, and a dynamic system that reflects the interaction of subjects and objects of the state's social policy.These definitions include common objects of social security such as the quality of life of the population, its social interests and social standards.
The interpretation of the essence of the concept of "social and economic security of the city" was carried out by Yu. A. Romanovskaya.She defines this category as "a set of various conditions that ensure the positive characteristics of the population's residence in the city and the activities of economic agents, the satisfaction of their needs, the observance of interests and rights because of balanced interests of the elements of such socio-economic system as "city", the effective use of its potential, which is the result of security-oriented management of the city, effective communications between the state, city authorities, the population and business entities" [5, p. 183].In our opinion, the researcher`s interpretation of the category essence is quite successful and meaningful.The only objectionable thing is the vagueness, which refers to a "combination of various conditions" and requires more detailing.
We propose to use the following definition: the social security of the city is the state of development of the economy and social sphere of the city, achieved through the construction of effective management subsystems (economic, social, environmental), which ensures the social interests and social needs of the city residents, their quality of life at the level of the relevant state social standards.
According to Ukrainian legislation, state social standards are defined as "social norms and standards established by laws, other normative legal acts, or their complex, on the basis of which the levels of basic state social guarantees are determined" [9].According to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine "On State Social Standards and State Social Guarantees", social regulations are divided into: -consumption standards: the amount of consumption in natural terms for a certain period of food products, non-food products and some types of services; -standards of provision: the specified number of items of long-term use available for personal consumption, as well as the provision of a certain territory by a network of health care institutions, education, enterprises, institutions, organizations of social and cultural, household, transport services and housing and communal services; -income standards: the amount of personal income of a citizen or family, which guarantees them a sufficient level of satisfaction of needs, which is calculated on the basis of the value of a set of consumption and provision standards [9].
The basic state social standard is the subsistence minimum established by law, which determines state social guarantees and standards in the fields of population income, housing and communal services, household, social and cultural services, health care and education [9].
Let's consider the factors that affect the level of social security of the city (Fig. 1).
We have defined four groups of the main factors influencing the level of social security of the city: economic, financial, social and ЕКОНОМІКА environmental.According to these groups a set of indicators should be formed for assessing the level of social security (Table 1).
For example, for a group of economic factors, it is advisable to choose the following significant indicators: unemployment rate, employment rate, average monthly real salary in the city.For the group of social factors, the following indicators can be used for the level of social security evaluation: the share of the population with average per capita equivalent total monthly income, lower than the legally established subsistence minimum, the coefficient of natural growth, the dynamics of the level of morbidity in the city, the share of education costs in city budget expenditures etc.The following can  It is proposed to evaluate the level of social security of the city by calculating the integral indicator.For this purpose, using the method of expert evaluation, weighting factors should be established for the selected indicators and reference or limit values should be determined for each indicator and based on them (using the selected methodology) the integral indicator of social security of the city should be calculated.According to the results of the evaluation of the level of social security of the city, search and substantiation of directions for its strengthening are carried out.
Conclusions.Under the term "social security of the city" it is proposed to understand the state of development of the economy and social sphere of the city, achieved through the construction of effective management subsystems (economic, social, environmental), which ensures the social interests and social needs of the city's residents, their quality of life at the level of relevant state social standards.Researching the content of this concept, determining the factors affecting the social security of cities, and developing appropriate evaluation indicators are key to supporting sustainable development and the well-being of urban communities.A deep understanding of these aspects allows for the development and implementation of effective management strategies aimed at improving the quality of life and ensuring the social security of all city residents.Ensuring the social security is an important determinant of the sustainable development of urban areas and the formation of a favorable environment for living and working, which is an important factor for the preservation and development of urban communities.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Factors influencing the level of social security of the city Source: compiled by the authors

Table 1 Examples of city social security evaluation indicators Fields Indicators
in the group of environmental indicators: the volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air per 1 km 2 , the amount of generated waste per 1 person of the population, the share of costs for environmental protection in the total expenditures of the city budget.
EcologicalThe volume of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air per 1 km2The amount of generated waste per 1 person of the population The share of costs for environmental protection in the total expenditures of the city budget Source: compiled by authors ЕКОНОМІКА be included